Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a disorder that affects the bones and leads to an increased risk of fractures. In osteoporosis, the bone density is reduced, the microarchitecture of bone is destroyed, and the quantity and variety of proteins other than collagen is altered. Osteoporosis is defined by the World Health Organization as bone mineral density at the lower standard of 2.5 (which is the highest level reached in an average woman of 20 years) in women.

Osteoporosis affects more women after menopause, but may also develop in men and elderly who suffer from hormonal disorders, chronic illness or is subjected to treatment with certain drugs (such as glucocorticoids) for a long period.

Osteoporosis has no symptoms, but causes an increased risk of bone fractures. Bone fractures typical of osteoporosis are the kind of fractures that do not normally occur in healthy individuals and, therefore, are considered fractures related to bone fragility.
Typical fragility fractures due to bone can affect the spine, the hips and wrists.

The mechanism that underlies all cases of osteoporosis is an imbalance between resorption and bone formation. Bones healthy and normal, there is a constant bone remodeling: about 10% of total bone mass is continuously remodeled.

Three mechanisms are mainly involved in the development of osteoporosis, namely:
inadequate bone mass
excessive bone resorption
inadequate formation of new bone during remodeling.

To these mechanisms, we can add hormonal deficiencies that affect the rate of bone resorption, as well as lack of calcium and vitamin D may lead to an imbalance in bone deposit.

There are many risk factors that may lead to the development of osterporosi. The risk factors can be divided mainly into editable and not editable

The factors are not modifiable:
aging (both in women than in men)
female
failure resulting from the hormonal menopausal
decrease in testosterone levels in men
ethnic group (Europeans and Asians are more predisposed)
inheritance.

Many other factors such as lifestyle, diet, etc.. Can cause osteoporosis. However, as such, they can also be modified or avoided. Among the modifiable factors include:
tobacco smoke (smoking inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and is therefore a risk factor)
malnutrition
alcoholism
insufficient physical activity (the bone is reshaped in response to physical stress. Those who are physically active throughout her life runs a lower risk of developing osteoporosis).
Excessive exercise (excessive exercise may lead to damage to bone and cause the collapse of structures)
heavy metal (it's been established a close correlation between cadmium, lead and bone diseases. Even low exposure to cadmium entity has been associated with an increased loss of bone density in both sexes)
soft drinks (some studies have shown that some soft drinks containing phosphoric acid can increase the risk of osteoporosis)
some drugs (steroids, barbiturates, proton pump inhibitors, anticoagulants, and certain medications for diabetes).

Furthermore, osteoporosis may be the secondary effect of other disturbances such as:
Endocrine disorders: hypogonadism syndrome Turner syndrome Klienefelter, Kallmann syndrome, hypothalamic amenorrhea, iperprolactinemia, Cushing syndrome, hyperthyroidism, tireotossicosi, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, insulin-dependent, acromegaly, adrenal insufficiency
Nutritional and gastrointestinal disorders: malnutrition, parenteral nutrition, malabsorption syndromes (celiac disease, Crohn's disease, etc..), Gastrectomy, severe liver disease (especially cirrhosis, primary), inability to absorb calcium, anorexia
Rheumatology disorders: rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis
Haematological disorders / malignancies: multiple myeloma, lymphoma, leukemia, mastocytosis, hemophilia, thalassemia
Hereditary disorders of the bones: osetogenesi inperfetta, Marfan syndrome, Hemochromatosis, ipofosfatsa, glycogen storage disease, homocystinuria syndrome Ehlers-Danlos, porphyria, Menke syndrome, epidrmolisi bullosa, Gaucher's disease
Other disorders: paresis, scoliosis

The prevention and treatment of osteoporosis includes:
Drugs and traditional treatment: estrogen, progesterone, bisphosphonates, fluoride, calcitonin, calciferole
Lifestyle: moderate physical activity, avoid smoking, low alcohol consumption
Diet: grains, fresh vegetables (especially lettuce), little red meat, avoid soft drinks and refined starches carbonate
Vitamins: vitamin C, vitamin D, beta-carotene
Minerals: magnesium, zinc, calcium
Other nutritional supplements from natural sources: natural progesterone, phytoestrogens, maca, Camu-Camu

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